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John Forbes Nash, Jr. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. John Forbes Nash, Jr. June 1. 3, 1. 92. May 2. 3, 2. 01. 5) was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory, differential geometry, and the study of partial differential equations.[2][3] Nash's work has provided insight into the factors that govern chance and decision making inside complex systems found in daily life. His theories are used in economics, computing, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting, computer science, games of skill, politics and military theory. Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at Princeton University during the latter part of his life, he shared the 1.

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. In 2. 01. 5, he was awarded the Abel Prize for his work on nonlinear partial differential equations. In 1. 95. 9, Nash began showing clear signs of mental illness, and spent several years at psychiatric hospitals being treated for paranoid schizophrenia. After 1. 97. 0, his condition slowly improved, allowing him to return to academic work by the mid- 1. His struggles with his illness and his recovery became the basis for Sylvia Nasar's biography, A Beautiful Mind, as well as a film of the same name starring Russell Crowe.[5][6][7]On May 2. Nash and his wife, Alicia Nash, were killed in a car crash while riding in a taxi on the New Jersey Turnpike. Early life and education.

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Nash was born on June 1. Bluefield, West Virginia, United States. His father, John Forbes Nash, was an electrical engineer for the Appalachian Electric Power Company. His mother, Margaret Virginia (n. Г©e Martin) Nash, had been a schoolteacher before she married.

He was baptized in the Episcopal Church.[8] He had a younger sister, Martha (born November 1. Nash attended kindergarten and public school, and he learned from books provided by his parents and grandparents.[9] Nash's parents pursued opportunities to supplement their son's education, and arranged for him to take advanced mathematics courses at a local community college during his final year of high school. He attended Carnegie Institute of Technology through a full benefit of the George Westinghouse Scholarship, initially majoring in chemical engineering. He switched to a chemistry major and eventually, at the advice of his teacher John Lighton Synge, to mathematics.

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After graduating in 1. B. S. and M. S. in mathematics, Nash accepted a scholarship to Princeton University, where he pursued further graduate studies in mathematics.[9]Nash's adviser and former Carnegie professor Richard Duffin wrote a letter of recommendation for Nash's entrance to Princeton stating, "He is a mathematical genius."[1. Nash was accepted at Harvard University, however, the chairman of the mathematics department at Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, convincing Nash that Princeton valued him more.[1. Further, he considered Princeton more favorably because of its proximity to his family in Bluefield.[9] At Princeton, he began work on his equilibrium theory, later known as the Nash equilibrium.[citation needed]Major contributions. Game theory. Nash earned a Ph. D. degree in 1. 95.

John Forbes Nash, Jr. (June 13, 1928 – May 23, 2015) was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory, differential geometry, and the. Guardian Defence, brings you the very best in practical self-defence skills and fitness training, here in Brunswick Melbourne Australia. ABOUT RUBE. Rube Goldberg (1883-1970) was a Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist best known for his zany invention cartoons. He was born in San Francisco on the 4th of.

The thesis, which was written under the supervision of doctoral advisor Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of the Nash equilibrium. A crucial concept in non- cooperative games, it won Nash the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1. Publications authored by Nash relating to the concept are in the following papers: Other mathematics. Nash did groundbreaking work[citation needed] in the area of real algebraic geometry: His work in mathematics includes the Nash embedding theorem, which shows that every abstract Riemannian manifold can be isometrically realized as a submanifold of Euclidean space. He also made significant contributions to the theory of nonlinearparabolic partial differential equations and to singularity theory. John Milnor gives a list of 2.

In the Nash biography, A Beautiful Mind, author Sylvia Nasar explains that Nash was working on proving Hilbert's nineteenth problem, a theorem involving elliptic partial differential equations when, in 1. He learned that an Italian mathematician, Ennio de Giorgi, had published a proof just months before Nash achieved his proof.

Each took different routes to get to their solutions. The two mathematicians met each other at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University during the summer of 1.

It has been speculated that if only one had solved the problem, he would have been given the Fields Medal for the proof.[9]In 2. National Security Agency declassified letters written by Nash in the 1.

The letters show that Nash had anticipated many concepts of modern cryptography, which are based on computational hardness.[1. Mental illness. Nash's mental illness first began to manifest in the form of paranoia; his wife later describing his behavior as erratic.

Nash seemed to believe that all men who wore red ties were part of a communist conspiracy against him; Nash mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D. C., declaring that they were establishing a government.[4][1. Nash's psychological issues crossed into his professional life when he gave an American Mathematical Society lecture at Columbia University in 1. Originally intended to present proof of the Riemann hypothesis, the lecture was incomprehensible. Colleagues in the audience immediately realized that something was wrong.[1.

He was admitted to Mc. Lean Hospital in April 1. May of the same year. There, he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, a person suffering from the disorder is typically dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, fixed beliefs that are either false, over- imaginative or unrealistic, and usually accompanied by experiences of seemingly real perception of something not actually present.

Further signs are marked particularly by auditory and perceptional disturbances, a lack of motivation for life, and mild clinical depression.[2. In 1. 96. 1, Nash was admitted to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton.[2. Over the next nine years, he spent periods in psychiatric hospitals, where he received both antipsychoticmedications and insulin shock therapy.[2. Although he sometimes took prescribed medication, Nash later wrote that he did so only under pressure. After 1. 97. 0, he was never committed to a hospital again, and he refused any further medication. According to Nash, the film A Beautiful Mind inaccurately implied he was taking what were the new atypical antipsychotics of the time period.

He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter who was worried about the film encouraging people with the disorder to stop taking their medication.[2. Journalist Robert Whitaker wrote an article suggesting recovery from illnesses like Nash's can be hindered by such drugs.[2. Nash felt psychotropic drugs were overrated and that the adverse effects were not given enough consideration once someone was deemed mentally ill.[2.

According to Sylvia Nasar, author of the book A Beautiful Mind, on which the movie was based, Nash recovered gradually with the passage of time. Encouraged by his then former wife, de Lard. Г©, Nash worked in a communitarian setting where his eccentricities were accepted.

De Lard. Г© said of Nash, "it's just a question of living a quiet life".[4]Nash dated the start of what he termed "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1. He described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic'".[9] For Nash, this included seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function of some kind, of having supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, along with a feeling of being persecuted and searching for signs representing divine revelation.[3. Nash suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, his desire to feel important and be recognized, and his characteristic way of thinking, saying, "I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally." He also said, "If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern".[3. He did not draw a categorical distinction between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[3. Nash reported he did not hear voices until around 1. He further stated he was always taken to hospitals against his will.

He only temporarily renounced his "dream- like delusional hypotheses" after being in a hospital long enough to decide he would superficially conform – to behave normally or to experience "enforced rationality". Only gradually on his own did he "intellectually reject" some of the "delusionally influenced" and "politically oriented" thinking as a waste of effort. By 1. 99. 5, however, even though he was "thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists," he said he felt more limited.[9][3. Nash wrote in 1. 99. I spent times of the order of five to eight months in hospitals in New Jersey, always on an involuntary basis and always attempting a legal argument for release.

And it did happen that when I had been long enough hospitalized that I would finally renounce my delusional hypotheses and revert to thinking of myself as a human of more conventional circumstances and return to mathematical research. In these interludes of, as it were, enforced rationality, I did succeed in doing some respectable mathematical research. Thus there came about the research for "Le probl. ГЁme de Cauchy pour les Г©quations diff. Г©rentielles d'un fluide g.

Г©n. Г©ral"; the idea that Prof. Hironaka called "the Nash blowing- up transformation"; and those of "Arc Structure of Singularities" and "Analyticity of Solutions of Implicit Function Problems with Analytic Data". But after my return to the dream- like delusional hypotheses in the later 6. I became a person of delusionally influenced thinking but of relatively moderate behavior and thus tended to avoid hospitalization and the direct attention of psychiatrists. Thus further time passed. Then gradually I began to intellectually reject some of the delusionally influenced lines of thinking which had been characteristic of my orientation. This began, most recognizably, with the rejection of politically oriented thinking as essentially a hopeless waste of intellectual effort.

So at the present time I seem to be thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists.[9]Recognition and later career. In 1. 97. 8, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non- cooperative equilibria, now called Nash Equilibria. He won the Leroy P.

Steele Prize in 1. In 1. 99. 4, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) as a result of his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student.

In the late 1. 98. Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was the John Nash and that his new work had value. They formed part of the nucleus of a group that contacted the Bank of Sweden's Nobel award committee and were able to vouch for Nash's mental health ability to receive the award in recognition of his early work.[3. Nash's later work involved ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, which show that, as in his early career, he preferred to select his own path and problems. Between 1. 94. 5 and 1. Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being "insane" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being "on strike" from an economic point of view.

He has advanced views in evolutionary psychology about the value of human diversity and the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviors or roles.[3. Nash developed work on the role of money in society. Within the framing theorem that people can be so controlled and motivated by money that they may not be able to reason rationally about it, he criticized interest groups that promote quasi- doctrines based on Keynesian economics that permit manipulative short- term inflation and debt tactics that ultimately undermine currencies.

He suggested a global "industrial consumption price index" system that would support the development of more "ideal money" that people could trust rather than more unstable "bad money". He noted that some of his thinking parallels economist and political philosopher. Friedrich Hayek's thinking regarding money and a nontypical viewpoint of the function of the authorities.[3. Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology, from Carnegie Mellon University in 1. University of Naples Federico II on March 1.

University of Antwerp in April 2. City University of Hong Kong on November 8, 2. He has also been a prolific guest speaker at a number of world- class events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2.

University of Warwick. In 2. 01. 2 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[4. On May 1. 9, 2. 01. Nash, along with Louis Nirenberg, was awarded the 2. Abel Prize by King Harald V of Norway at a ceremony in Oslo.[4.

Personal life. In 1. Nash was hired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a C.

L. E. Moore instructor in the mathematics faculty. About a year later, Nash began a relationship in Massachusetts with Eleanor Stier, a nurse he met while admitted as a patient. They had a son, John David Stier,[1] but Nash left Stier when she told him of her pregnancy.[4.

The film based on Nash's life, A Beautiful Mind, was criticized during the run- up to the 2. Oscars for omitting this aspect of his life. He was said to have abandoned her based on her social status, which he thought to have been beneath his.[4. In 1. 95. 4, while in his 2. Nash was arrested for indecent exposure in a law enforcement sting operation focusing on homosexual behavior in Santa Monica, California.

Although the charges were dropped, he was stripped of his top- secret security clearance and fired from RAND Corporation, where he had worked as a consultant.[4. Not long after breaking up with Stier, Nash met Alicia Lopez- Harrison de Lard. Г© (January 1, 1.

May 2. 3, 2. 01. 5), a naturalized U. S. citizen from El Salvador. De Lard. Г© graduated from MIT, having majored in physics.[9] They married in February 1. Nash was an atheist, the ceremony was performed in a Roman Catholic church.[4. In 1. 95. 8, Nash earned a tenured position at MIT, and his first signs of mental illness were evident in early 1. At this time, his wife was pregnant with their first child.

He resigned his position as a member of the MIT mathematics faculty in the spring of 1. Mc. Lean Hospital for treatment of schizophrenia that same year. Their son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born soon afterward. The child was not named for a year[1] because his wife felt Nash should have a say in the name given to the boy. Due to the stress of dealing with his illness, Nash and de Lard.

Г© divorced in 1. After his final hospital discharge in 1. Nash lived in de Lard. Г©'s house as a boarder. This stability seemed to help him, and he learned how to consciously discard his paranoid delusions.[4. He stopped taking psychiatric medication and was allowed by Princeton to audit classes.

He continued to work on mathematics and eventually he was allowed to teach again. In the 1. 99. 0s, de Lard. Г© and Nash resumed their relationship, remarrying in 2. Death. On May 2. 3, 2. John and Alicia Nash were killed in a collision on the New Jersey Turnpike near Monroe Township, New Jersey.

They were on their way home after a visit to Norway, where Nash had received the Abel Prize. The driver of the taxicab in which they were riding from Newark Airport lost control of the vehicle and struck a guard rail. Both passengers were ejected from the car upon impact.[4. At the time of his death, Nash was 8. West Windsor Township, New Jersey.[5. Following his death, obituaries appeared in scientific and popular media throughout the world. In addition to their obituary for Nash,[5.

The New York Times also published an article containing many notable quotes of Nash, assembled from diverse media and publications, providing his reflections on his life and achievements.[5. Representation in culture.

At Princeton, Nash became known as "The Phantom of Fine Hall"[5. Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. He is referred to in a novel set at Princeton, The Mind- Body Problem, 1. Rebecca Goldstein.[4]Sylvia Nasar's biography of Nash, A Beautiful Mind, was published in 1. A film by the same name was released in 2. Ron Howard with Russell Crowe playing Nash.

Awards. See also. References^ abcd. Suellentrop, Chris (2. A Real Number". Slate. Archived from the original on 2.

Retrieved 2. 01. 5- 0. A Beautiful Mind's John Nash is nowhere near as complicated as the real one. ^Goode, Erica (May 2. John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a 'Beautiful Mind,' Dies at 8. The New York Times. ^"John F. Nash, Jr. and Louis Nirenberg share the Abel Prize".

Abel Prize. March 2. Nasar, Sylvia (November 1. The Lost Years of a Nobel Laureate". The New York Times (Princeton, New Jersey). Retrieved May 6, 2. Oscar race scrutinizes movies based on true stories".

USA Today. March 6, 2. Retrieved January 2. Academy Award Winners". USA Today. March 2. Retrieved August 3. Yuhas, Daisy. "Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained A Challenge (Timeline)".

Scientific American Mind. Retrieved March 2, 2. Nasar, Sylvia (1. Chapter One". A Beautiful Mind. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0- 6. 84- 8.

Archived from the original on December 5, 2. Nash, John (1. 99. John F. Nash Jr. – Biographical" from Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1. Editor Tore Fr. ängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1. Nash recommendation letter at Princeton.

Kuhn W, Harold and Nasar, Sylvia (ed.). The Essential John Nash"(PDF).

Princeton University Press. Introduction, xi. Retrieved April 1.

Nasar (2. 01. 1), pp. Nash, John F. (May 1. Non- Cooperative Games"(PDF). Ph. D thesis. Princeton University.

Archived from the original on May 2. Retrieved May 2. 4, 2. Osborne, MJ (2. 00.

An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford, ENG: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0. 19. 51. 28.

John Nash and “A Beautiful Mind”, John Milnor, Notices of the AMS v. No. 1. 0 pp. 1. 32. November 1. 99. 8]^"2. Press Release – National Cryptologic Museum Opens New Exhibit on Dr. John Nash". National Security Agency. Retrieved February 2.

John Nash's Letter to the NSA ; Turing's Invisible Hand". Retrieved February 2. Nasar (2. 01. 1), p. Sabbagh, Karl (2.

Dr. Riemann's Zeros. London: Atlantic Books.

ISBN 1- 8. 43. 54- 1. Brown University Didactic Readings: DSM- IV Schizophrenia (DSM- IV- TR #2. PDF). Brown University. Retrieved June 1, 2.

Nasar (2. 01. 1), p. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Forbes Nash, Jr.", Mac.

Tutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews .^Ebert, Roger (2. Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2.

Andrews Mc. Meel Publishing. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 7. Retrieved July 1. Beam, Alex (2. 00. Gracefully Insane: The Rise and Fall of America's Premier Mental Hospital. Public. Affairs. ISBN 9.

Retrieved July 1. Greihsel, Marika (September 1, 2.

John F. Nash, Jr. Interview. Nobel Foundation Interview, September 2. Whitaker, R. (March 4, 2. Mind drugs may hinder recovery". By Robert Whitaker USA Today 0. Updated 1. 0: 3. 0 PM ET.^Nash, John "PBS Interview: Medication".

Nash, John "PBS Interview: Paths to Recovery". Nash, John "PBS Interview: How does Recovery Happen?" 2.

Nash, John "PBS Interview: Delusional Thinking". Nash, John "PBS Interview: The Downward Spiral" 2. Nash, John (April 1.

Glimpsing inside a beautiful mind". Interview by Shane Hegarty. Schizophrenia. com.^Nash, John "PBS Interview: Hearing voices".

Nash, John "John Nash: My experience with mental illness". PBS Interview,2. 00. The Work of John Nash in Game Theory"(PDF). Nobel Seminar. 8 December 1. Retrieved 2. 9 May 2. Neubauer, David (June 1, 2. John Nash and a Beautiful Mind on Strike".

Yahoo! Health. Archived from the original on April 2. Nash, John (2. 00. Ideal Money". Southern Economic Journal. JSTOR 1. 06. 15. 53. ^Zuckerman, Julia (April 2. Nobel winner Nash critiques economic theory". The Brown Daily Herald.

By JULIA ZUCKERMAN Wednesday, April 2. Capua, Patrizia (March 1. Napoli, laurea a Nash il 'genio dei numeri'" (in Italian). Repubblica. it. ^List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved February 2. Nash and Nirenberg received the Abel Prize from the King of Norway".

The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Retrieved May 2. 4, 2. Goldstein, Scott (April 1. Eleanor Stier, 8. Brookline nurse had son with Nobel laureate mathematician John F. Nash Jr., Boston.

News.^Sutherland, John (March 1. Beautiful mind, lousy character", The Guardian, March 1. Nasar, Sylvia (March 2. The sum of a man".

The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2. Contrary to widespread references to Nash's "numerous homosexual liaisons", he was not gay. While he had several emotionally intense relationships with other men when he was in his early 2. I never interviewed anyone who claimed, much less provided evidence, that Nash ever had sex with another man. Nash was arrested in a police trap in a public lavatory in Santa Monica in 1. Mc. Carthy hysteria. The military think- tank where he was a consultant, stripped him of his top- secret security clearance and fired him ..

The charge – indecent exposure – was dropped. ^Nasar (2. Chapter 1. 7: Bad Boys, p. In this circle, Nash learned to make a virtue of necessity, styling himself self- consciously as a "free thinker." He announced that he was an atheist."^Nasar (2. Nash, by then an atheist, balked at a Catholic ceremony. He would have been happy to get married in city hall."^David Goodstein, 'Mathematics to Madness, and Back', The New York Times, June 1. Ma, Myles (May 2. Famed 'A Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash, wife killed in taxi crash, police say".

NJ. com. Retrieved May 2. A Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash, wife killed in crash". USA News. Retrieved May 2.

Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash killed in crash". BBC News. Retrieved May 2. Princeton mathematician John Nash and his wife, Alicia, are killed in a car accident". QUARTZ. Retrieved May 2.

John Nash, mathematician who inspired 'A Beautiful Mind', killed in car crash". Reuters. com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved May 2. 4, 2.

John Forbes Nash May Lose N. J. Home". Associated Press. March 1. 4, 2. 00. Retrieved February 2. High. Beam Research. West Windsor, N. J.: John Forbes Nash, Jr., whose life is chronicled in the Oscar- nominated movie A Beautiful Mind, could lose his home if the township picks one of its proposals to replace a nearby bridge. ^Sandoval, Edgar; Otis, Ginger Adams (May 2. John Nash, 8. 6, inspiration for the film 'A Beautiful Mind,' and wife die in car accident on New Jersey Turnpike: police".

Daily News. Retrieved May 2. Goode, Erica (May 2. John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a 'Beautiful Mind,' Dies at 8. The New York Times. Retrieved May 2. 4, 2. The Wisdom of a Beautiful Mind". The New York Times.

May 2. 4, 2. 01. 5. Retrieved May 2. 5, 2.

Kwon, Ha Kyung (December 1. Nash GS ’5. 0: вЂThe Phantom of Fine Hall'".

The Daily Princetonian. Retrieved May 6, 2. John F. Nash, Jr. Honoree". Retrieved July 1.

Nash receives Abel Prize for revered work in mathematics". Retrieved March 2. Bibliography. Acocella, Nicola and Di Bartolomeo, Giovanni (2.

Tinbergen and Theil meet Nash: controllability in policy games’, in: вЂEconomics Letters’, 9. Acocella, Nicola and Di Bartolomeo, G. Piacquadio, P. G.

Conflict of interest, (implicit) coalitions and Nash policy games’, in: вЂEconomics Letters’, 1. Nasar, Sylvia (1. A Beautiful Mind.

Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9. 78. 14. 39. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Forbes Nash, Jr.", Mac.

Tutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews . Documentaries and video interviews.

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